Examination of Statistical Software †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Examination of Statistical Software. Answer: Introduction The objective of this report is to discuss the information system and accounting software of Target Australia. The company, Target is a mid-price department store chain and Australia's largest store in terms of number. The company is a subsidiary of Wesfarmers. This report is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the current organizational structure of Target, existing operational problems, current use of Information Systems, and existing control problems in the systems. The second part discusses the journey of accounting software packages, analysis of current market in Australia and identify the current gaps in the market with respect to accounting software packages (Granlund, 2011). The purpose of this part is to provide detailed analysis that will help the management to select the relevant software for their business out of the numerous businesses available in the Australian market. The paper also has a conclusion sections that sums down the analysis of the paper. Analysis of Target and existing Information Systems The large retailers like Target have the options to choose from number of system integration methods. The suggested choice in most of the cases is ERP system as ERP system works as one stop solution for all the organizational IT and business problems. The various part of first part can be discussed as: Target Australia has a very flat organizational structure. The company has close to 16,000 employees in Australia. There are three key levels of organizational structure at Target Inc. The top level of the level of senior management. This level includes the CXOs of the company. The next level or the level 2 of the organization is the level of mid-managers. These are the management people who are ultimately responsible for the operational work and operational decisions. The third level of level 3 is the employees who are executors. These are the people, who are responsible to implement the strategies and policies. The basic theme of the roles of three level can be discussed as: Top level/ Level 1: Strategy and Policy Development Mid level/ Level 2: Operational work and operational decision-making Low level/ Level 3: Execution engine Operational problems due to existing organizational structure Target has to match the sales data and revenue recognized which is sort of conciliation and there are often issues in doing that. Some other issues are picking of material from the warehouse. As there are large number of product SKUs and products are stored without using barcoding and dedicated location of each SKU, it takes long time to locate the product and sometimes product is stored but inability to locate it lead to stock-outs. Another challenge is required that too much data entry is required which sometimes cause inaccuracy due to human errors. Not only this, paper work required extra space to store and make it difficult to retrieve information and handle it. There are various methods to manage the Information Technology within the organization. The company can either get the custom software created based on its business needs. However, it is important that the business needs should be translated effectively and mapped to Information Technology needs. The second solution for the company is the use of commercial software and the third option for the company is the used of Employee Resource Planning system. Commercial software that can be customized and configured based on business requirements would be the best choice for Target-Australia. It is suggested that Target should get the ERP system customized based on its business needs. The sales at Target-Australia happen through a combination of offline and online methods. Most of the stores of Target Australia are owned stores. The company has a centralized inventory management system that is integrated with the various sales systems of different stores (Oster, 2012). The support function, to the sales function, for Target-Australia are marketing, human resource function and operations functions. The system flowchart for the company for the existing sales procedures can be shown as: Control problems and possible frauds One of the control problems for Target-Australia is that not all the raw materials is purchased on the daily basis. Only the material, which is required to support production on the next day, will be purchased on a given day. Thus, one of the control needed is that use of items in the food which are no longer fresh i.e. has passed their shelf life should not be permitted to be issued for the particular job. Another control problem is that no dedicated space in the warehouse for the particular SKU (Stock Keeping units), which results in the long time during picking and locating the material. The possible frauds at Target can happen through inefficient inventory management system. One of the leakages for fraud is that various stores of Target can shown false inventory levels. The store manager can indulge himself or herself in fraud by showing inadequate inventory level. For example, suppose for Product A, the actual inventory in store is 120 units and the store manager quotes it as 95 units. If this information is recorded in the system, the store manager can actually sell 25 units in the black market and the profitability would not be recorded in the books of Target Australia. There are various types of accounting software packages that Target or any other retailer can use. The various parts of second part can be discussed as: Development of accounting software packages There are various commercial accounting software packages that Target can use. Going back to the history of accounting software development, MYOB was the first product developed by the Teleware in 1983 in New Jersey. Its first product was Managing your money and become famous as MYM. This product was half-baked and there were many issues. Mind your own business was the next version of MYM, which become famous as MYOB. As business was increasing, Teleware give license to Australian software distribution firm and then MYOB become a market leader in Australia. More similar products were hitting the market but they are still in infancy and first mover advantage helps MYOB to penetrate deeply in the market and command good customer base. By late 1990s, company changed its headquarter from US to Australia. Intuit also launched program quicken which become famous as quick books online. The current accounting software industry in Australia is a huge industry. This industry started with the on-premise solution for accounting problems. The last decade has seen the evolution of cloud based accounting software. The benefit with cloud-based accounting software is that the small and mid size organizations can also use the accounting packages without any much hiccups. It is estimated that the current size of accounting software industry in Australia is $20 billion. The annual growth rate in the industry is 2.6%. At an industry level, the anticipated employees in the industry are 115,557. The Accounting Services industry has grown over the past five years on the back of steady economic growth and increasing demand for industry-specific advisory services (Mangala Kumari, 2015). Leaders and competitive advantage There are various players in the industry and each of the players has its own pros and cons. The large companies like SAP also have ready-made solutions to address the accounting problems of large organizations. MYOB, on the other hand, has highest penetration in the market and thus has the market share however its growth is less which means that XERO will beat the MYOB in coming times. Sage ERP subscriptions are on the decline as this products lacks Australian localization. QuickBooks online and Reckon are other products that are growing but still they are small players. The current accounting software industry in Australia is highly fragmented industry with number of players in organized and un-organized sector. The players in organized sector are the large players like SAP, XERO, etc. The players in the unorganized sector are mainly the small players that would usually cater to the needs of small players in the industry. It is expected that going forward both organized players and unorganized players would grow in the country (Mouritsen Hansen, 2009). One of the current gaps or the drawbacks in the current accounting packages is the dependency on skilled resources to manage the system. Various organizations have felt that it is not easy to manage the accounting software implementation. In fact, the implementation of accounting software package can be a mess in itself if it is not handled effectively. In fact, this is one of the reasons that there was a huge demand in the use of cloud based accounting software. It is relatively easy to manage the implementation of cloud based accounting system as compared to on-premise implementation. Another gap in the current accounting software landscape in Australia is the high cost of accounting software packages. In the current environment, also, there are number of organizations that are not able to utilize the benefits of accounting software packages due to high cost. In the coming times, the cost of accounting software should come down (Jadhav Sonar, 2009). Few recommendations at the industry level an be discussed as: Recommendations: It is recommended that the emphasis should be increase in cloud based accounting software. There are various advantages of cloud-based system and it is recommended that these benefits should be passed on to various organizations (Yigitbasioglu, 2015). It is recommended that various organizations in the accounting software industry should work together to contain the cost of accounting software implementation. The growth rate of accounting software industry is high and the maximum benefits would be realized when different stakeholders can work together (Daly Creed, 2008). It is recommended that the organizations operating in this industry should also work together to provide after sales support for accounting software implementation. At times, it is observed that the organizations would not implement the accounting software because there is not after sales support or the after sales support is too expensive. Therefore, it is important that the organizations should work together to provide better after sales service. Conclusion This paper begins with analysis of organizational structure at Target Australia and suggests them what will be the best approach for them to make software in-house or to buy software. After that, there was discussion on flow chart of sales procedure (Clark Shoaib, 2012). The second part of this paper talked about the evolution of accounting software in Australia in general and what are the pros and cons of various software and which one will be most aligned to the business of Target Australia. With the above discussion it can be said that ERP system is the best solution for Target Australia. At the same time, it is recommended that accounting software package should be integrated tightly with the ERP systems. The ERP system for Target Australia would have number of modules and the accounting software should be the key module for organizations. References Clark, R.A., Shoaib, M., Hewitt, K.N., Stanford, S.C. and Bate, S.T., 2012. A comparison of InVivoStat with other statistical software packages for analysis of data generated from animal experiments.Journal of Psychopharmacology,26(8), pp.1136-1142. Creed, D., Daly, D., Dowdle, P., Stevens, J. (2008). A roadmap to help your organization become process-based. Journal Of Corporate Accounting Finance (Wiley, 19(5), 77-83. Granlund, M., 2011. Extending AIS research to management accounting and control issues: A research note.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,12(1), pp.3-19. Jadhav, A.S. and Sonar, R.M., 2009. Evaluating and selecting software packages: A review.Information and software technology,51(3), pp.555-563. Mangala, D. and Kumari, P., 2015. Corporate Fraud prevention and deteCtion: revisiting the Literature.Journal of Commerce and Accounting Research,4(1). Mouritsen, J., Hansen, A. and Hansen, C.., 2009. Short and long translations: Management accounting calculations and innovation management.Accounting, Organizations and Society,34(6), pp.738-754. Oster, R.A., 2012. An examination of statistical software packages for categorical data analysis using exact methods.The American Statistician. Yigitbasioglu, O., 2015. Enablers of sense-making and responding and their impact on the effectiveness of management accounting practices.

Professional Development in Business

Question: Discuss about the Professional Development in Business. Answer: Introduction: Leaders guides and motivates vision to frame something new for his team members. They show the accurate direction to the team. An able leader should have a unique idea and skills to lead his team in the attainment of the goals and objectives (Northouse 2015). This report proposes a framework of the standards of rendering direction to the organizations and brings together the diverse yet complete information about the leaders who have acted on similar projects. The report is a step forward towards the growth of new occupational standards. This report aims at providing the skills and qualities of a successful leader required in a booming business. Here, Andy Palmer, the chief executive officer of Aston Martin is chosen for the case study. A brief overview of Andy Palmers leadership style, traits, attitudes, behavior and power is explored in this report. The report proceeds with a brief view on the leadership skills theory and then focuses the leadership styles of Andy Palmer. Aston Martin is being chosen for the case study to analyze the strategies undertaken by the CEO, Andy Palmer to increase the brand value and sales of the organization. The product placement strategies by the marketing executives increase the revenue of the company. The data collected are qualitative in form. Both primary and the secondary data are collected for the case study. Primary data is collected by interviewing the executives and customers by forming a questionnaire. Secondary data is collected from secondary sources like company statistics, documents supplied by the company and journals. Literature Review: Leadership is a complex procedure about the qualities and the competencies that can capture the nature of the leaders. A study on the leadership skills of the successful leaders reveals the capabilities inbuilt within him. Effective leaders can co-ordinate with his team irrespective of the number of team members (Certo 2015). Leaders implement empowerment within the organization to motivate the employees. The leaders must first empower themselves in order to create the environment of empowerment within the organization. Employees under insecure leadership cannot perform well (Day et al. 2014). They are given below: High level of Integrity and honesty:The essential traits in a successful leaders are high level of integrity and honesty. Motivating and inspiring: An effective leader should be able to communicate with his team members to stimulate and motivate them towards achieving the goal. Good and effective communication skill:Good communication skills are one of the important traits that connect the team with its leaders. Analyzing problems and solving them: Good leaders should be able toanalyze the current market situation and solve the problems for the organization in the way of its achieving its objective. Forming relationships:For every business to succeed a strong foundation of trust and relationship should be built among the employees of an organization. A strong relationship is also required between the consumers and the company. Strategic viewpoint: Good leaders can foresee the problems and take strategic decisions to avoid them. Innovative thinking: Innovation is the key skill for every leader to become successful. To develop technical and professional skill:A good leader should keep himself updated by upgrading his technical and professional skills. Organization choosesthe leadership style based on theories and techniques. The situational leadership style is the often argued to the best type of leadership style as this is based on the variables set by the situation. The type of work, qualifications of the employees and the complexities within the company all takes part in choosing the leadership style of an organization (Cherniss and Boyatzis 2013).The main reasons behind the success and the failure of the CEO of a company depend upon the following points below: To know the employees better:Psychological and behavioral attributes influences the success and the failure of the leadership styles. To understand the culture better:to get a better insight about the company a good connection with the employees, consultants and vendors are essential. The key to become a successful leader is to combine different characteristics of leadership style based on the circumstances. Various approaches of leadership styles are discussed below: Trait Theory: This theory is based on the assumption that individuals inherit certain leadership qualities or traits that are best suited for him. Trait theory often recognizes the behavioral and the personality traits that are best suited for the individual. Inconsistencies between the traits and the effectiveness ultimately led the scholars to shift their model towards search for new explanations for the effectiveness of leadership (VanWart 2014). Great Man Theory: this theory is based on the assumption that great leaders are born and cannot be made (Lu 2012). Contingency theory: this theory focuses on the variable that are related to the environment that determine the which particular leadership style is best suited in a work situation. Thus, this factor is the variable that is related to a particular situation. This theory mainly relates to the leadership styles that are demanded in a specific situation (Bihr et al. 2014). Situational Theory: this theory proposes that the leadership theories are the preset course of actions that the leaders adopt based on the circumstances. This includes appropriate leadership styles and decision-making by the leaders in a particular situation (Campbell, Youngs and Anderson 2013). Behavioral Theory:this theory is based on the great man theory, which focuses on the internal and the intellectual qualities of the leader. Two types of behavioral leadership style as Autocratic and the Democratic. Participative Theory: This theory suggests that the input from the team members are essential and the leader feel that it is relevant for the team member to take part in the decision making process (Campbell, Youngs and Anderson 2013). Transactional Theory: this theory is referred to as the management theory that takes into consideration the supervision, group performance and exchange of thoughts between the leaders and the team members (Marais et al. 2014). Transformational Theory: this leadership style brings about valuable and positive changes among the team members. This leadership model increases motivation and morale among the employers of the organization (Marais et al. 2014). Skill theory: The skill theory states that the knowledge and the skillsacquired are the main factors in effective leadership style. However, it refuses to take into account the inherited capacity to lead effectively. This theory often demands the resources and the efforts that are devoted for the training a development of leaders (Marais et al. 2014). Critical analysis of Leadership skills of Andy Palmer: Andy Palmer is a man with innovative thinking and strategic view point. This particular traits of his character enables him to make a plan to transform Aston Martin into an innovative 21st century car manufacturer which will transform the company from a car manufacturer to an icon in England. According to him, this can be done through strengthening of the core competencies of a luxury sports car manufacturer. Andy palmer has incorporated innovative plans within the organization as the main framework for his future vision of the company (Nurnberger and Holgate 2015). The beauty, power and soul are the tag line of the organization.Andy Palmer is responsible for the product planning, program management and marketing communication on the global basis in the organization. His strategy is to improve controlling of the revenue through mathematical formulae to adjust cost of marketing, sales and cost of transaction (Payne and Lagonda 2015). Here, he uses the trait theory to set goals for the organization. The trait theory mainly brings out the traits and qualities of a leader. However, there is no quantifiable measure to recognize the characteristics of leadership. Forming good relationship with the customer is an essential for a business to succeed. His relentlessly efforts and a constant focus on the target customers enhances the sales and the brand value of the organization (Ritchie 2013). The strategic view point of Andy Palmer enables him to foresee the problems the company may face in the future. So he frames his strategies in a way to escape any such situation. A combination of contingency theory and situation theory of leadership skills is applicable here.The contingency theory is mainly based on the environmental variables. But it is found that leaders like Andy Palmer often tend to acknowledge or penalize the employees. These strategies help Aston Martin to reduce marketing cost and enhance transaction pricing in the target market in both Europe and United States. He is the linchpin in the organization between the development of the product and the sales in the market. Maximizing efficiency in the production process is applied to Aston Martin along with marketing strategies. Good communication skill is an essential for effective leadership. Good communication enables a leader to understand the diverse cultural background of the employees. This in turn helps the employees to take active participation in the project in which they are involved. A combination of participative theory and transactional theory is applicable here. The transactional theory is a servant-leadership theory. The transactional theory is based upon the ethical and monetary needs of the company. However in reality the structure is predominantly supported by power and politics. Good communication with the employees motivate them and thus increases the productivity of the organization. The employees are human beings having psychological and social needs which cannot be satisfied by monetary compensation. The CEO should put emphasis on this factor. The company increases its brand value by advertising campaigns (West 2015). Brand value is steadily increasing and is now ranked within the lea ding brands globally. It is also elevated itself from a car manufacturer to cultural icon in UK. Aston Martin does not have the technologies according to the customers. However, Aston Martin incorporatesthose technologies within the car models and invests more in creating alliance with those companies that are already using these technologies. Andy Palmer emphasized on enhancing customer satisfaction and experience. The objective of every dealer is to achieve the brand value as portrayed in the advertising campaigns. The product planning strategy continuously incorporates innovations and other advanced technologies like automated transmission into the models so that it can meet up with the customer demands in the long run. The electric vehicle will be an inevitable solution to the pollution and the greenhouse gas effect worldwide (Bryman 2015). The CEO also possess the qualities of a born leader which is reflected in his attitude. A combination of great man theory and transformational theory is applicable here. His duty is to extract the best out of the employees of the organization, which cannot be achieved overnight. However, the qualities like integrity and honesty within him will enable him to achieve his audacious goals overtime. The great man theory emphasized on the fact that people from upper class with exceptional living standard can only have leadership skills, which limits the scope of leadership. He finally focuses on converting the company into a premium brand. This conversion goes through different stages of development. Reasons behind choosing Aston Martin: The company Aston Martin is chosen for this case study. The study tries to investigate how the product is placed in the market and to find how effective the strategies are as undertaken by Andy Palmer. The effectiveness of the strategies would reflect the leadership skills of Andy Palmer, the CEO of Aston Martin. Other associated questions that arise with the main question are what kind of benefits for placement of product is perceived (Bryman 2015). The goals of the study are given below: to enhance the brand name of the organization and increase the sales of the company to identify and put the description of the product placement strategies in the history of the company as it is placed Aston Martin DB5 in a James Bond film Goldfinger. to collect interpretations on the convenience of the marketing strategies by the executives of Aston Martin. to gather information about the revenue earned and increased sales resulting from the placement of the product in the target market. Aston Martin encourages its customers to gather and choose from a huge range of options in their models. The company takes pride on its artisanship of the workforce. The birds eye view involves approaching operating system in their model, which can be upgraded overtime. The engineers face a lot of technical constraints and technological challenges. The strategies undertaken by Andy Palmer to encourage the employees and the engineers help the organization to overcome such difficulties and incorporate innovation and scientific research in the process (Payne and Lagonda 2015). The exterior designers, the interior designers and the engineers work together to launch model of Aston Martin in the market. Hence, teamwork is required to complete the project successfully. A good communication among the employees will increase the productivity and efficiency of the team. Aston Martin has an excellent reputation on the quality and the artistry of the product. Aston Martin is trying to make partn ership with other organizations to enhance its quality and efficiency of the product. Data collection: This case study gives a qualitative research on the organization Aston Martin. The study follows a qualitative pattern of research and is supported by social constructionist approach. The social constructionist approach views the society as the process of asserting individuals and the world. The methodology used in the study requires the empirical investigation on the contemporary fact on the context of real life. The study focuses on the product placement marketing strategies and its contribution to increase the profitability of the organization. The study involve s both primary and the secondary data. Primary data is collected by interviewing the executives of the organization. Questionnaire is formed to understand cause behind the strategies chosen by the marketing executives (Lu 2012). Again, interviewing the individuals will give opportunity to gather answers backed by the responses of the interviewees. Secondary data is collected from the secondary sources like journals, news a rticles, documents provided by the organization, the statistics supplied by the organization. The data retrieved are verified based on the primary data collected. Conclusion: The leaders take the key responsibility to increase the competitive advantage in the market. A proper leadership often acts as the key to every successful business. The leaders are the linchpins in connecting the employees, level of performance and productivity of the organization (Loveys 2015). The report shows path toward the growth of new occupational standards. The study also provides skills and qualities of a successful leader in a flourishing business. The CEO of Aston Martin is chosen whose leadership skills and qualities are analyzed based on the theories of leadership. A literature review on the leadership skills are given in the report, which is followed by a critical analysis of the leadership skills of Andy Palmer. Aston Martin is chosen for this case study to analyze the strategies undertaken by the CEO to enhance brand name. data collected are designed qualitatively. The primary and the secondary data is collected for the case study. Questionnaire is formed to collect t he primary data and secondary data is collected through news article and journals. References: Bihr, B., Pieraccini, G., Hofmann, H. and Freudenstein, S., 2014. Performance and efficiencytechnical solutions for high-performance sports cars to achieve future CO2 limits. In14. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium(pp. 3-17). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Bryman, A., 2015.Social research methods. Oxford university press. Campbell, N.J., Youngs, P. and Anderson, I., 2013. A UK survey of obstetric anaesthetic data collection methods.International journal of obstetric anesthesia,22(2), pp.167-168. Certo, S., 2015.Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Cherniss, C. and Boyatzis, R.E., 2013. Using a multi-level theory of performance based on emotional intelligence to conceptualize and develop softleader skills.Leader Interpersonal and Influence skills: The Soft Skills of Leadership, pp.53-72. Day, D.V., Fleenor, J.W., Atwater, L.E., Sturm, R.E. and McKee, R.A., 2014. Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.63-82. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. Loveys, R., 2015.Aston Martin. Bloomsbury Publishing. Lu, S., 2012. Spatial Reconfigurations of Beijing: Transnational Architecture, Avant-Garde Art, and Local Documentary Practice.Asian Cinema,22(2), pp.352-363. Marais, B.J., Heemskerk, A.D., Marais, S.S., van Crevel, R., Rohlwink, U., Caws, M., Meintjes, G., Misra, U.K., Mai, N.T., Ruslami, R. and Seddon, J.A., 2016. Standardized methods for enhanced quality and comparability of tuberculous meningitis studies.Clinical Infectious Diseases, p.ciw757. Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M. and Saldana, J., 2013.Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Nurnberger, M. and Holgate, S., Aston Martin Lagonda Limited, 2016.Automobile or representation thereof. U.S. Patent D758,247. Nurnberger, M., Aston Martin Lagonda Limited, 2013.Automobile. U.S. Patent D687,348. Nurnberger, M., Aston Martin Lagonda Limited, 2015.Automobile grille or representation thereof. U.S. Patent D727,804. Payne, B., Aston Martin Lagonda Limited, 2015.Car, toy replicas and/or other replicas. U.S. Patent D739,789. Pickard, A., 2012.Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Van Wart, M., 2014.Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. Routledge. West, S.E., 2015. Evaluation, or Just Data Collection? An Exploration of the Evaluation Practice of Selected UK Environmental Educators.The Journal of Environmental Education,46(1), pp.41-55.

Antoine Lavoisier Essays - Chemical Elements,

Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (lah vwah ZYAY) was one of the best-known French scientists and was an important government official. His theories of combustion, his development of a way to classify the elements and the first modern textbook of chemistry led to his being known as the father of modern chemistry. He contributed to much of the research in the field of chemistry. He is quoted for saying, "Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed." Lavoisier was born in Paris, France on Aug. 26, 1743. When he was eleven years old he attended a college called Mazain. For Lavoisier's last two years in college he found a great deal of interest in science. He received an excellent education and developed an interest in all branches of science, especially chemistry. Abbe Nicolas Louis de Lacaill taught Lavoisier about meteorological observation. On 1763 Lavoisier received his bachelor's degree and on 1764 a licentiate which allowed him to practice his profession. In his spare time he studied books all about science. His 1st paper was written about gypsum, also known by hydrated calcium sulfate. He described its chemical and physical properties. He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1768. On 1771 he married Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze. She helped Lavoisier by drawing diagrams for his scientific works and translating English notation for him. Unlike earlier chemists, Lavoisier paid particular attention to the weight of the ingredients involved in chemical reactions and of the products that resulted. He carefully measured the weights of the reactants and products. He noted that the weight of the air in which combustion occurred decreases. He found that when the burning material combined with the air somehow and that the air weighed less. Lavoisier found that the weight of the products of combustion equals the weight of the reacting ingredients. This observation became known as the law of conservation of mass (or matter). He repeated many of the experiments of earlier chemists but interpreted the results far differently. On 1772 he was studying on combustion, which he is most known for in science. Lavoisier presented an important memoir on conversion of water into earth evaporation. This brought him to the Oxygen Theory of Combustion. On 1774 Lavoisier carried out experiments on calcinations of tin and lead and confirmed the increase of weight of metals on calcinations from combustion of air. By demonstrating the nature of combustion, he disproved the phlogiston theory. The phlogiston theory stated that all flammable materials contained a substance called phlogiston. According to this theory, materials gave off phlogiston as they burned. Air was necessary for combustion because it absorbed the phlogiston that was released. This was thought at the time to be a fact. Lavoisier showed this theory to be false and made oxygen the reason that things burned, not phlogiston. Lavoisier burned textbooks that supported the theory. He was trying to make a point that the phlogiston theory was invalid and oxygen is the new answer to combustion. He laid the framework for understanding chemical reactions as combinations of elements to form new materials, or products. He concluded that combustion results from the rapid chemical union of a flammable material with a newly discovered gas, which he named "oxygen", previously known as "dephilogisticated air." The word "oxygen" means acid producer. Lavoisier and others had found that oxygen is a part of several acids. Lavoisier incorrectly reasoned that oxygen is needed to make all acids. He developed endings of the degree of oxygen by adding certain ending such as -ic or -ous. With French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted experiments on the respiration in animals. Their studies showed a similarity between ordinary chemical reactions and the processes that happen in living organisms. These experiments were the basis for the science now known as biochemistry. Lavoisier also helped to develop a system for naming chemical substances based on their composition. This system is still in use. He made the very first modern chemistry text named Trait? el?mentaire de chimie (Elements of Chemistry). Many consider it the first textbook on modern chemistry. Here for the first time the elements are laid out systematically. His list included many compounds, which were thought to be elements at the time. Lavoisier worked out reactions in chemical equations that respect the conservation of mass. As a government official, Lavoisier was successful in creating agricultural reform, serving as a tax collection official, and overseeing the government's manufacture of gunpowder. On 1775 he was made commissioner of gunpowder. He was asked to improve the quality of Antoine Lavoisier Essays - Chemical Elements, Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (lah vwah ZYAY) was one of the best-known French scientists and was an important government official. His theories of combustion, his development of a way to classify the elements and the first modern textbook of chemistry led to his being known as the father of modern chemistry. He contributed to much of the research in the field of chemistry. He is quoted for saying, "Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed." Lavoisier was born in Paris, France on Aug. 26, 1743. When he was eleven years old he attended a college called Mazain. For Lavoisier's last two years in college he found a great deal of interest in science. He received an excellent education and developed an interest in all branches of science, especially chemistry. Abbe Nicolas Louis de Lacaill taught Lavoisier about meteorological observation. On 1763 Lavoisier received his bachelor's degree and on 1764 a licentiate which allowed him to practice his profession. In his spare time he studied books all about science. His 1st paper was written about gypsum, also known by hydrated calcium sulfate. He described its chemical and physical properties. He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1768. On 1771 he married Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze. She helped Lavoisier by drawing diagrams for his scientific works and translating English notation for him. Unlike earlier chemists, Lavoisier paid particular attention to the weight of the ingredients involved in chemical reactions and of the products that resulted. He carefully measured the weights of the reactants and products. He noted that the weight of the air in which combustion occurred decreases. He found that when the burning material combined with the air somehow and that the air weighed less. Lavoisier found that the weight of the products of combustion equals the weight of the reacting ingredients. This observation became known as the law of conservation of mass (or matter). He repeated many of the experiments of earlier chemists but interpreted the results far differently. On 1772 he was studying on combustion, which he is most known for in science. Lavoisier presented an important memoir on conversion of water into earth evaporation. This brought him to the Oxygen Theory of Combustion. On 1774 Lavoisier carried out experiments on calcinations of tin and lead and confirmed the increase of weight of metals on calcinations from combustion of air. By demonstrating the nature of combustion, he disproved the phlogiston theory. The phlogiston theory stated that all flammable materials contained a substance called phlogiston. According to this theory, materials gave off phlogiston as they burned. Air was necessary for combustion because it absorbed the phlogiston that was released. This was thought at the time to be a fact. Lavoisier showed this theory to be false and made oxygen the reason that things burned, not phlogiston. Lavoisier burned textbooks that supported the theory. He was trying to make a point that the phlogiston theory was invalid and oxygen is the new answer to combustion. He laid the framework for understanding chemical reactions as combinations of elements to form new materials, or products. He concluded that combustion results from the rapid chemical union of a flammable material with a newly discovered gas, which he named "oxygen", previously known as "dephilogisticated air." The word "oxygen" means acid producer. Lavoisier and others had found that oxygen is a part of several acids. Lavoisier incorrectly reasoned that oxygen is needed to make all acids. He developed endings of the degree of oxygen by adding certain ending such as -ic or -ous. With French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted experiments on the respiration in animals. Their studies showed a similarity between ordinary chemical reactions and the processes that happen in living organisms. These experiments were the basis for the science now known as biochemistry. Lavoisier also helped to develop a system for naming chemical substances based on their composition. This system is still in use. He made the very first modern chemistry text named Trait? el?mentaire de chimie (Elements of Chemistry). Many consider it the first textbook on modern chemistry. Here for the first time the elements are laid out systematically. His list included many compounds, which were thought to be elements at the time. Lavoisier worked out reactions in chemical equations that respect the conservation of mass. As a government official, Lavoisier was successful in creating agricultural reform, serving as a tax collection official, and overseeing the government's manufacture of gunpowder. On 1775 he was made commissioner of gunpowder. He was asked to improve the quality of

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